Citations & Avoiding Plagiarism

• Adds credibility.
• Shows your work.
• Avoids plagiarism by giving credit to others for their work/ideas.
• Shows timeliness of research and resources.

General guidelines

Be brief, but provide enough information that your audience can track down the source.

Highlight what is most important criteria for that source.

Include who/what and when.

• Author 
• Author's credentials
• Title of Work
• Title of Publication
• Date of work/publication/study

Use an introductory phrase for your verbal citation.

According to Professor Jane Smith at Stanford University....(abbreviated verbal citation)

When I interviewed college instructor John Doe and observed his English 101 class...

Jason Hammersmith, a journalist with the Dallas Times, describes in his February 13, 2016 article.... (Full verbal citation)

Full vs. abbreviated verbal citations

Full verbal citations include all the information about the source thereby allowing the source to be easily found. 
ex. According to Harvard University professors, Dr. Smith and Dr. Jones research on this topic published in the Summer 2015 issue of the New England Journal of Medicine....

Abbreviated verbal citations include less information about the source, but still includes the most important aspects of that specific source. 
ex. A 2015 study in the New England Journal of Medicine reports that Harvard University professors....

Example 1:

Verbal citations can come at the beginning of the cited idea or quotation.

Introduce your evidence with "According to..." and then provide citation information.

Introduce the quote (ex "And I quote" or "As Dr. Smith stated"...) PAUSE. Start quotation. PAUSE at the end of the quotation.

Introduce the quote. Say QUOTE. Start quotation. Say END QUOTE. 

Example 2:

Verbal citations can be weaved into the speech in pieces when describing the evidence.

Highlight aspects of the evidence and then introduce a piece of the citation information over a couple of the sentences/speech.